| Bacopa monnieri extract | 300 to 450 mg a day for 12 weeks or more | Better free recall on 9 of 17 memory tests (6 small trials); faster attention and reaction time (9 trials) (Pase 2012, bacopa review) (Kongkeaw 2014, bacopa meta-analysis) | Small, short, different extracts; none tested this capsule |
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| Ginkgo biloba extract | 120 mg twice a day for a median 6.1 years (GEM trial) | No reduction in dementia in 3,069 adults aged 75 or older (DeKosky 2008, GEM trial) (Birks 2009, Cochrane ginkgo) | Cochrane: benefit inconsistent and unreliable |
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| Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg | Daily for about 5 years (AREDS2) | No significant effect on a composite cognitive score in 3,741 older adults (Chew 2015, AREDS2 cognition) | Tested for eye disease first |
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| B vitamins (B6, B12, folic acid) | Combined, for 6 to 24 months | Probably little or no effect on memory in people with mild cognitive impairment (5 trials, 879 people) (McCleery 2018, Cochrane B vitamins) | Helps if you are truly deficient; trials in others show no memory effect |
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| Vitamin B6 | RDA 1.3 to 1.7 mg; upper limit 100 mg (EFSA 12 mg) | Insufficient evidence on cognition (14-trial review; Cochrane found no benefit) (NIH ODS, Vitamin B6) (Malouf 2003, Cochrane vitamin B6) | Too much, long term, can damage nerves |
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| Choline (all sources) | Adequate intake 550 mg men, 425 mg women; upper level 3,500 mg | Did not clearly improve cognition in healthy adults (2015 review via ODS) (NIH ODS, Choline) (Lee 2021, alpha-GPC and stroke) | Alpha-GPC dose in this product unknown |
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| Alpha-GPC (cohort) | Prescribed use in Korean adults aged 50 or older | Higher 10-year stroke risk in users (adjusted HR 1.43), a dose-response pattern (Lee 2021, alpha-GPC and stroke) | Observational; not proof of cause |
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| Green tea extract | Liver cases at roughly 140 mg to 1,800 mg a day | Liver injury is a well-established but uncommon risk (NIH LiverTox, Green Tea) (USP 2020, green tea extract review) | No cognition claim in NCCIH |
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| Bilberry | Fruit extract up to 160 mg a day for up to 6 months | Not clearly shown to help any condition (NCCIH, Bilberry) | Leaf powder is not the fruit extract |
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| Cinnamon | No amount in this product known | Diabetes evidence unclear; coumarin is a liver concern with cassia (NCCIH, Cinnamon) | Species not stated |
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